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Lefty (protein)
Lefty (left-right determination factors) refers to proteins that are closely related members of the TGF-beta family of growth factors. These proteins are secreted and play a role in left-right asymmetry determination of organ systems during development.〔 Mutations of the genes encoding these proteins have been associated with left-right axis malformations, particularly in the heart and lungs.
==History==
Lefty, a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF beta) superfamily of proteins, was originally discovered in the Hamada lab at the Osaka University using deletion screening of cDNA libraries in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells to find clones that did not differentiate when induced to differentiate using retinoic acid. From these screens, researchers found one gene that was a tentative member of the TGF-beta superfamily that was predominantly expressed on the left side the embryo and aptly named it lefty. Like other members of the TGF-beta superfamily, lefty is synthesized as a preproprotein, meaning that the protein is proteolytically cleaved and excreted to produce the active form of the protein. However, lefty has only 20-25% sequence similarity with other members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Lefty is conserved in all vertebrates and many species have more than one homologue. Humans and mice, for instance have two homologues, Lefty 1 and Lefty 2, whose differential expression leads to distinct purposes while the mechanism of action is conserved.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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